![]() DOE has recently set a target to achieve $1 per kg within one decade through the Hydrogen Shot initiative. The cost of producing hydrogen via PEMECs, which is currently at about $4–6 per kg, has been a limiting factor that prevents large-scale deployment and application. As of 2019, over 14 MW of PEMECs have been installed or are underway across the U.S. ![]() They have been successfully commercialized with power varying from a few kW to multiple MW and efficiency around 60–80%. hydrogen production through water splitting using electrical energy, and provide a promising source of renewable hydrogen to supply the fueling infrastructure. PEMECs operate in the reverse process of PEMFCs, i.e. China has over 40 HRSs and has been reported to have invested $17 billion dollars in hydrogen infrastructure. Europe has a roadmap of achieving 1500 stations by 2025. To help overcome this challenge, Japan has set a target of building 320 stations by 2025 and 900 by 2030. Another challenge that prevents FCEVs from widespread application is that only a few hundred hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) are available in the world. For FCEVs to be competitive cost-wise, the ultimate goal is $30 per kW for light-duty FCEVs and $60 per kW for heavy-duty FCEVs. Currently, a PEMFC stack costs about $75 per kW at high volume production and its CLs account for over 40% of the overall cost due to the employment of precious platinum-group metals (PGMs) as catalysts. The cost and the lack of a hydrogen infrastructure are the two main barriers to the worldwide deployment of PEMFCs. ![]() More than 3520 FCEVs and 22 FCEBs were sold or leased in Japan up to 2020 and China has more than 6000 FCEVs. and 48 fuel cell electric buses (FCEBs) currently operate in California. As of May 2021, over 10 000 FCEVs were sold or leased in the U.S. Several PEMFC products are commercially available, including back-up power and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). ![]() PEMFCs have been considered for stationary, transportation, and portable applications. The PEMFC efficiency can reach as high as 65% with water as the only byproduct when using hydrogen as the fuel. ∼60–80 ☌) and can operate free of CO 2 emissions. Both systems work at low temperatures ( e.g. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells or PEMFCs and PEM electrolysis cells or PEMECs are two closely related electrochemical devices having a similar structure: a PEM with catalyst layers (CLs) coated on its surfaces, flow fields, and bipolar plates (BPs). ![]()
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